diff --git a/aya-obj/src/btf/btf.rs b/aya-obj/src/btf/btf.rs
index de9e54e4..744b917b 100644
--- a/aya-obj/src/btf/btf.rs
+++ b/aya-obj/src/btf/btf.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     generated::{btf_ext_header, btf_header},
     util::{bytes_of, HashMap},
-    Object,
+    Object, Program,
 };
 
 pub(crate) const MAX_RESOLVE_DEPTH: u8 = 32;
@@ -483,6 +483,7 @@ impl Btf {
     // for Aya programs. These fixups are gradually moving into bpf-linker itself.
     pub(crate) fn fixup_and_sanitize(
         &mut self,
+        programs: &HashMap<String, Program>,
         section_infos: &HashMap<String, (SectionIndex, u64)>,
         symbol_offsets: &HashMap<String, u64>,
         features: &BtfFeatures,
@@ -676,6 +677,11 @@ impl Btf {
                             }
                             ty.set_linkage(FuncLinkage::Static);
                         }
+                    } else if !programs.contains_key(name.as_ref())
+                        && !name.as_ref().starts_with("prog")
+                    {
+                        debug!("changing FUNC {name} linkage to BTF_FUNC_STATIC");
+                        ty.set_linkage(FuncLinkage::Static);
                     }
                 }
                 // Sanitize FLOAT.
@@ -743,6 +749,7 @@ impl Object {
             }
             // fixup btf
             obj_btf.fixup_and_sanitize(
+                &self.programs,
                 &self.section_infos,
                 &self.symbol_offset_by_name,
                 features,
@@ -1238,7 +1245,7 @@ mod tests {
 
         let features = Default::default();
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(ptr_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Ptr(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.name_offset, 0);
@@ -1271,7 +1278,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(var_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Int(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.name_offset, name_offset);
@@ -1313,7 +1320,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(datasec_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Struct(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.name_offset , name_offset);
@@ -1366,6 +1373,7 @@ mod tests {
         };
 
         btf.fixup_and_sanitize(
+            &HashMap::new(),
             &HashMap::from([(".data/foo".to_owned(), (SectionIndex(0), 32u64))]),
             &HashMap::from([("foo".to_owned(), 64u64)]),
             &features,
@@ -1429,7 +1437,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(func_proto_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Enum(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.name_offset, 0);
@@ -1486,7 +1494,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
 
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(func_proto_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::FuncProto(fixed) => {
@@ -1549,7 +1557,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
 
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(func_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Func(fixed) => {
@@ -1600,7 +1608,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ..Default::default()
             };
 
-            btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+            btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
                 .unwrap();
 
             assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(func_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Func(fixed) => {
@@ -1624,7 +1632,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(float_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Struct(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.name_offset, 0);
@@ -1663,7 +1671,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(decl_tag_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Int(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.name_offset, name_offset);
@@ -1690,7 +1698,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(type_tag_type).unwrap(), BtfType::Const(fixed) => {
             assert_eq!(fixed.btf_type, int_type_id);
@@ -1750,7 +1758,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
 
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(enum_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Enum(fixed) => {
@@ -1794,7 +1802,7 @@ mod tests {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
+        btf.fixup_and_sanitize(&HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &HashMap::new(), &features)
             .unwrap();
 
         assert_matches!(btf.type_by_id(enum_type_id).unwrap(), BtfType::Union(fixed) => {
diff --git a/aya-obj/src/obj.rs b/aya-obj/src/obj.rs
index 9d65690e..6eeb0283 100644
--- a/aya-obj/src/obj.rs
+++ b/aya-obj/src/obj.rs
@@ -1616,7 +1616,9 @@ mod tests {
         ))
         .unwrap();
 
-        let btf = obj.fixup_and_sanitize_btf(&BtfFeatures::default()).unwrap();
+        let btf = obj
+            .fixup_and_sanitize_btf(&BtfFeatures::default(), &std::collections::HashSet::new())
+            .unwrap();
         assert!(btf.is_none());
     }