diff --git a/aya/src/maps/xdp/cpu_map.rs b/aya/src/maps/xdp/cpu_map.rs
index 3fb4934f..a3c0a585 100644
--- a/aya/src/maps/xdp/cpu_map.rs
+++ b/aya/src/maps/xdp/cpu_map.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
     num::NonZeroU32,
-    os::fd::AsRawFd,
+    os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd},
 };
 
 use aya_obj::generated::{bpf_cpumap_val, bpf_cpumap_val__bindgen_ty_1};
 
 use crate::{
     maps::{check_bounds, check_kv_size, IterableMap, MapData, MapError},
+    programs::ProgramFd,
     sys::{bpf_map_lookup_elem, bpf_map_update_elem, SyscallError},
     Pod,
 };
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ use crate::{
 /// let flags = 0;
 /// let queue_size = 2048;
 /// for i in 0u32..8u32 {
-///     cpumap.set(i, queue_size, None::<i32>, flags);
+///     cpumap.set(i, queue_size, None, flags);
 /// }
 ///
 /// # Ok::<(), aya::BpfError>(())
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ impl<T: BorrowMut<MapData>> CpuMap<T> {
         &mut self,
         cpu_index: u32,
         queue_size: u32,
-        program: Option<impl AsRawFd>,
+        program: Option<&ProgramFd>,
         flags: u64,
     ) -> Result<(), MapError> {
         let data = self.inner.borrow_mut();
@@ -127,7 +128,9 @@ impl<T: BorrowMut<MapData>> CpuMap<T> {
             bpf_prog: bpf_cpumap_val__bindgen_ty_1 {
                 // Default is valid as the kernel will only consider fd > 0:
                 // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/2dde18cd1d8fac735875f2e4987f11817cc0bc2c/kernel/bpf/cpumap.c#L466
-                fd: program.map(|prog| prog.as_raw_fd()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                fd: program
+                    .map(|prog| prog.as_fd().as_raw_fd())
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
             },
         };
         bpf_map_update_elem(fd, Some(&cpu_index), &value, flags).map_err(|(_, io_error)| {
diff --git a/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map.rs b/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map.rs
index 2a2797e8..e7a487d4 100644
--- a/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map.rs
+++ b/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
     num::NonZeroU32,
-    os::fd::AsRawFd,
+    os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd},
 };
 
 use aya_obj::generated::{bpf_devmap_val, bpf_devmap_val__bindgen_ty_1};
 
 use crate::{
     maps::{check_bounds, check_kv_size, IterableMap, MapData, MapError},
+    programs::ProgramFd,
     sys::{bpf_map_lookup_elem, bpf_map_update_elem, SyscallError},
     Pod,
 };
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ use crate::{
 /// let mut devmap = DevMap::try_from(bpf.map_mut("IFACES").unwrap())?;
 /// let source = 32u32;
 /// let dest = 42u32;
-/// devmap.set(source, dest, None::<i32>, 0);
+/// devmap.set(source, dest, None, 0);
 ///
 /// # Ok::<(), aya::BpfError>(())
 /// ```
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ impl<T: BorrowMut<MapData>> DevMap<T> {
         &mut self,
         index: u32,
         ifindex: u32,
-        program: Option<impl AsRawFd>,
+        program: Option<&ProgramFd>,
         flags: u64,
     ) -> Result<(), MapError> {
         let data = self.inner.borrow_mut();
@@ -121,7 +122,9 @@ impl<T: BorrowMut<MapData>> DevMap<T> {
                 // Default is valid as the kernel will only consider fd > 0:
                 // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/2dde18cd1d8fac735875f2e4987f11817cc0bc2c/kernel/bpf/devmap.c#L866
                 // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/2dde18cd1d8fac735875f2e4987f11817cc0bc2c/kernel/bpf/devmap.c#L918
-                fd: program.map(|prog| prog.as_raw_fd()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                fd: program
+                    .map(|prog| prog.as_fd().as_raw_fd())
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
             },
         };
         bpf_map_update_elem(fd, Some(&index), &value, flags).map_err(|(_, io_error)| {
diff --git a/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map_hash.rs b/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map_hash.rs
index 34ad39ac..e5c91dde 100644
--- a/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map_hash.rs
+++ b/aya/src/maps/xdp/dev_map_hash.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
     num::NonZeroU32,
-    os::fd::AsRawFd,
+    os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd},
 };
 
 use aya_obj::generated::{bpf_devmap_val, bpf_devmap_val__bindgen_ty_1};
 
 use crate::{
     maps::{check_kv_size, hash_map, IterableMap, MapData, MapError, MapIter, MapKeys},
+    programs::ProgramFd,
     sys::{bpf_map_lookup_elem, SyscallError},
 };
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ use super::dev_map::DevMapValue;
 /// let mut devmap = DevMapHash::try_from(bpf.map_mut("IFACES").unwrap())?;
 /// let flags = 0;
 /// let ifindex = 32u32;
-/// devmap.insert(ifindex, ifindex, None::<i32>, flags);
+/// devmap.insert(ifindex, ifindex, None, flags);
 ///
 /// # Ok::<(), aya::BpfError>(())
 /// ```
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ impl<T: BorrowMut<MapData>> DevMapHash<T> {
         &mut self,
         key: u32,
         ifindex: u32,
-        program: Option<impl AsRawFd>,
+        program: Option<&ProgramFd>,
         flags: u64,
     ) -> Result<(), MapError> {
         let value = bpf_devmap_val {
@@ -109,7 +110,9 @@ impl<T: BorrowMut<MapData>> DevMapHash<T> {
                 // Default is valid as the kernel will only consider fd > 0:
                 // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/2dde18cd1d8fac735875f2e4987f11817cc0bc2c/kernel/bpf/devmap.c#L866
                 // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/2dde18cd1d8fac735875f2e4987f11817cc0bc2c/kernel/bpf/devmap.c#L918
-                fd: program.map(|prog| prog.as_raw_fd()).unwrap_or_default(),
+                fd: program
+                    .map(|prog| prog.as_fd().as_raw_fd())
+                    .unwrap_or_default(),
             },
         };
         hash_map::insert(self.inner.borrow_mut(), &key, &value, flags)
diff --git a/test/integration-test/src/tests/xdp.rs b/test/integration-test/src/tests/xdp.rs
index b0c25bff..88423fe9 100644
--- a/test/integration-test/src/tests/xdp.rs
+++ b/test/integration-test/src/tests/xdp.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{net::UdpSocket, os::fd::AsFd, time::Duration};
+use std::{net::UdpSocket, time::Duration};
 
 use aya::{
     maps::{Array, CpuMap},
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ fn cpumap_chain() {
         xdp.load().unwrap();
         xdp.fd().unwrap()
     };
-    cpus.set(0, 2048, Some(xdp_chain_fd.as_fd()), 0).unwrap();
+    cpus.set(0, 2048, Some(xdp_chain_fd), 0).unwrap();
 
     // Load the main program
     let xdp: &mut Xdp = bpf.program_mut("redirect_cpu").unwrap().try_into().unwrap();