diff --git a/aya/src/bpf.rs b/aya/src/bpf.rs
index 42a9a489..99d8e0d2 100644
--- a/aya/src/bpf.rs
+++ b/aya/src/bpf.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
     fs, io,
     os::{
-        fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, OwnedFd},
+        fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _},
         raw::c_int,
     },
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
@@ -1123,7 +1123,10 @@ pub enum EbpfError {
 #[deprecated(since = "0.13.0", note = "use `EbpfError` instead")]
 pub type BpfError = EbpfError;
 
-fn load_btf(raw_btf: Vec<u8>, verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel) -> Result<OwnedFd, BtfError> {
+fn load_btf(
+    raw_btf: Vec<u8>,
+    verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel,
+) -> Result<crate::MockableFd, BtfError> {
     let (ret, verifier_log) = retry_with_verifier_logs(10, |logger| {
         bpf_load_btf(raw_btf.as_slice(), logger, verifier_log_level)
     });
diff --git a/aya/src/lib.rs b/aya/src/lib.rs
index ccceb9e0..361a5fe9 100644
--- a/aya/src/lib.rs
+++ b/aya/src/lib.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ pub use programs::loaded_programs;
 mod sys;
 pub mod util;
 
-use std::os::fd::{AsFd, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd};
+use std::os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd, OwnedFd, RawFd};
 
 pub use bpf::*;
 pub use obj::btf::{Btf, BtfError};
@@ -123,35 +123,55 @@ impl MockableFd {
 
     #[cfg(test)]
     fn from_fd(fd: OwnedFd) -> Self {
-        Self { fd: Some(fd) }
+        let fd = Some(fd);
+        Self { fd }
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(test))]
-    fn try_clone(&self) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
+    fn inner(&self) -> &OwnedFd {
         let Self { fd } = self;
-        let fd = fd.try_clone()?;
-        Ok(Self { fd })
+        fd
     }
 
     #[cfg(test)]
-    fn try_clone(&self) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
+    fn inner(&self) -> &OwnedFd {
         let Self { fd } = self;
-        let fd = fd.as_ref().map(OwnedFd::try_clone).transpose()?;
-        Ok(Self { fd })
+        fd.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn try_clone(&self) -> std::io::Result<Self> {
+        let fd = self.inner();
+        let fd = fd.try_clone()?;
+        Ok(Self::from_fd(fd))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> From<T> for MockableFd
+where
+    OwnedFd: From<T>,
+{
+    fn from(value: T) -> Self {
+        let fd = OwnedFd::from(value);
+        Self::from_fd(fd)
     }
 }
 
 impl AsFd for MockableFd {
-    #[cfg(not(test))]
     fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        let Self { fd } = self;
-        fd.as_fd()
+        self.inner().as_fd()
     }
+}
 
-    #[cfg(test)]
-    fn as_fd(&self) -> BorrowedFd<'_> {
-        let Self { fd } = self;
-        fd.as_ref().unwrap().as_fd()
+impl AsRawFd for MockableFd {
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> RawFd {
+        self.inner().as_raw_fd()
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromRawFd for MockableFd {
+    unsafe fn from_raw_fd(fd: RawFd) -> Self {
+        let fd = OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd);
+        Self::from_fd(fd)
     }
 }
 
@@ -166,8 +186,10 @@ impl Drop for MockableFd {
         use std::os::fd::AsRawFd as _;
 
         let Self { fd } = self;
-        if fd.as_ref().unwrap().as_raw_fd() >= Self::mock_signed_fd() {
-            let fd: OwnedFd = fd.take().unwrap();
+        let fd = fd.take().unwrap();
+        if fd.as_raw_fd() < Self::mock_signed_fd() {
+            std::mem::drop(fd)
+        } else {
             std::mem::forget(fd)
         }
     }
diff --git a/aya/src/maps/mod.rs b/aya/src/maps/mod.rs
index 82467aee..356662d8 100644
--- a/aya/src/maps/mod.rs
+++ b/aya/src/maps/mod.rs
@@ -215,8 +215,7 @@ pub struct MapFd {
 }
 
 impl MapFd {
-    fn from_fd(fd: OwnedFd) -> Self {
-        let fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(fd);
+    fn from_fd(fd: crate::MockableFd) -> Self {
         Self { fd }
     }
 
@@ -657,13 +656,21 @@ impl MapData {
             io_error,
         })?;
 
-        Self::from_fd(fd)
+        Self::from_fd_inner(fd)
     }
 
     /// Loads a map from a map id.
     pub fn from_id(id: u32) -> Result<Self, MapError> {
         let fd = bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(id)?;
-        Self::from_fd(fd)
+        Self::from_fd_inner(fd)
+    }
+
+    fn from_fd_inner(fd: crate::MockableFd) -> Result<Self, MapError> {
+        let MapInfo(info) = MapInfo::new_from_fd(fd.as_fd())?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            obj: parse_map_info(info, PinningType::None),
+            fd: MapFd::from_fd(fd),
+        })
     }
 
     /// Loads a map from a file descriptor.
@@ -672,11 +679,8 @@ impl MapData {
     /// This API is intended for cases where you have received a valid BPF FD from some other means.
     /// For example, you received an FD over Unix Domain Socket.
     pub fn from_fd(fd: OwnedFd) -> Result<Self, MapError> {
-        let MapInfo(info) = MapInfo::new_from_fd(fd.as_fd())?;
-        Ok(Self {
-            obj: parse_map_info(info, PinningType::None),
-            fd: MapFd::from_fd(fd),
-        })
+        let fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(fd);
+        Self::from_fd_inner(fd)
     }
 
     /// Allows the map to be pinned to the provided path.
diff --git a/aya/src/maps/perf/perf_buffer.rs b/aya/src/maps/perf/perf_buffer.rs
index 89f2cf73..56424637 100644
--- a/aya/src/maps/perf/perf_buffer.rs
+++ b/aya/src/maps/perf/perf_buffer.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ impl PerfBuffer {
             });
         }
 
-        let fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(fd);
         let perf_buf = Self {
             buf: AtomicPtr::new(buf as *mut perf_event_mmap_page),
             size,
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/cgroup_device.rs b/aya/src/programs/cgroup_device.rs
index 15263791..6484e87c 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/cgroup_device.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/cgroup_device.rs
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ impl CgroupDevice {
             .map(|prog_id| {
                 let prog_fd = bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id(prog_id)?;
                 let target_fd = target_fd.try_clone_to_owned()?;
+                let target_fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(target_fd);
                 let prog_fd = ProgramFd(prog_fd);
                 Ok(CgroupDeviceLink::new(CgroupDeviceLinkInner::ProgAttach(
                     ProgAttachLink::new(prog_fd, target_fd, BPF_CGROUP_DEVICE),
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/extension.rs b/aya/src/programs/extension.rs
index 648bbfc4..558bef05 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/extension.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/extension.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! Extension programs.
 
-use std::os::fd::{AsFd as _, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd};
+use std::os::fd::{AsFd as _, BorrowedFd};
 
 use object::Endianness;
 use thiserror::Error;
@@ -169,7 +169,10 @@ impl Extension {
 
 /// Retrieves the FD of the BTF object for the provided `prog_fd` and the BTF ID of the function
 /// with the name `func_name` within that BTF object.
-fn get_btf_info(prog_fd: BorrowedFd<'_>, func_name: &str) -> Result<(OwnedFd, u32), ProgramError> {
+fn get_btf_info(
+    prog_fd: BorrowedFd<'_>,
+    func_name: &str,
+) -> Result<(crate::MockableFd, u32), ProgramError> {
     // retrieve program information
     let info = sys::bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(prog_fd, &mut [])?;
 
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/links.rs b/aya/src/programs/links.rs
index b809d1dc..740b4f78 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/links.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/links.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     collections::{hash_map::Entry, HashMap},
     ffi::CString,
     io,
-    os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd, RawFd},
+    os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, RawFd},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 
@@ -107,11 +107,11 @@ pub struct FdLinkId(pub(crate) RawFd);
 /// ```
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct FdLink {
-    pub(crate) fd: OwnedFd,
+    pub(crate) fd: crate::MockableFd,
 }
 
 impl FdLink {
-    pub(crate) fn new(fd: OwnedFd) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(fd: crate::MockableFd) -> Self {
         Self { fd }
     }
 
@@ -231,14 +231,14 @@ pub struct ProgAttachLinkId(RawFd, RawFd, bpf_attach_type);
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ProgAttachLink {
     prog_fd: ProgramFd,
-    target_fd: OwnedFd,
+    target_fd: crate::MockableFd,
     attach_type: bpf_attach_type,
 }
 
 impl ProgAttachLink {
     pub(crate) fn new(
         prog_fd: ProgramFd,
-        target_fd: OwnedFd,
+        target_fd: crate::MockableFd,
         attach_type: bpf_attach_type,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -258,7 +258,9 @@ impl ProgAttachLink {
         // duplicate it prior to attaching it so the new file
         // descriptor is closed at drop in case it fails to attach.
         let prog_fd = prog_fd.try_clone_to_owned()?;
+        let prog_fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(prog_fd);
         let target_fd = target_fd.try_clone_to_owned()?;
+        let target_fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(target_fd);
         bpf_prog_attach(prog_fd.as_fd(), target_fd.as_fd(), attach_type)?;
 
         let prog_fd = ProgramFd(prog_fd);
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/lirc_mode2.rs b/aya/src/programs/lirc_mode2.rs
index cbd47d95..aa0a45ec 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/lirc_mode2.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/lirc_mode2.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Lirc programs.
-use std::os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd as _, OwnedFd, RawFd};
+use std::os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd as _, RawFd};
 
 use crate::{
     generated::{bpf_attach_type::BPF_LIRC_MODE2, bpf_prog_type::BPF_PROG_TYPE_LIRC_MODE2},
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ impl LircMode2 {
         // descriptor is closed at drop in case it fails to attach.
         let prog_fd = prog_fd.try_clone()?;
         let lircdev_fd = lircdev.as_fd().try_clone_to_owned()?;
+        let lircdev_fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(lircdev_fd);
 
         bpf_prog_attach(prog_fd.as_fd(), lircdev_fd.as_fd(), BPF_LIRC_MODE2)?;
 
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ impl LircMode2 {
             .map(|prog_id| {
                 let prog_fd = bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id(prog_id)?;
                 let target_fd = target_fd.try_clone_to_owned()?;
+                let target_fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(target_fd);
                 let prog_fd = ProgramFd(prog_fd);
                 Ok(LircLink::new(prog_fd, target_fd))
             })
@@ -113,11 +115,11 @@ pub struct LircLinkId(RawFd, RawFd);
 /// An LircMode2 Link
 pub struct LircLink {
     prog_fd: ProgramFd,
-    target_fd: OwnedFd,
+    target_fd: crate::MockableFd,
 }
 
 impl LircLink {
-    pub(crate) fn new(prog_fd: ProgramFd, target_fd: OwnedFd) -> Self {
+    pub(crate) fn new(prog_fd: ProgramFd, target_fd: crate::MockableFd) -> Self {
         Self { prog_fd, target_fd }
     }
 
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/mod.rs b/aya/src/programs/mod.rs
index 675e36f0..4b12c6bb 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/mod.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/mod.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ use std::{
     ffi::CString,
     io,
     num::NonZeroU32,
-    os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd},
+    os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::Arc,
     time::{Duration, SystemTime},
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ pub enum ProgramError {
 
 /// A [`Program`] file descriptor.
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct ProgramFd(OwnedFd);
+pub struct ProgramFd(crate::MockableFd);
 
 impl ProgramFd {
     /// Creates a new instance that shares the same underlying file description as [`self`].
@@ -460,10 +460,10 @@ pub(crate) struct ProgramData<T: Link> {
     pub(crate) fd: Option<ProgramFd>,
     pub(crate) links: LinkMap<T>,
     pub(crate) expected_attach_type: Option<bpf_attach_type>,
-    pub(crate) attach_btf_obj_fd: Option<OwnedFd>,
+    pub(crate) attach_btf_obj_fd: Option<crate::MockableFd>,
     pub(crate) attach_btf_id: Option<u32>,
     pub(crate) attach_prog_fd: Option<ProgramFd>,
-    pub(crate) btf_fd: Option<Arc<OwnedFd>>,
+    pub(crate) btf_fd: Option<Arc<crate::MockableFd>>,
     pub(crate) verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel,
     pub(crate) path: Option<PathBuf>,
     pub(crate) flags: u32,
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ impl<T: Link> ProgramData<T> {
     pub(crate) fn new(
         name: Option<String>,
         obj: (obj::Program, obj::Function),
-        btf_fd: Option<Arc<OwnedFd>>,
+        btf_fd: Option<Arc<crate::MockableFd>>,
         verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ impl<T: Link> ProgramData<T> {
 
     pub(crate) fn from_bpf_prog_info(
         name: Option<String>,
-        fd: OwnedFd,
+        fd: crate::MockableFd,
         path: &Path,
         info: bpf_prog_info,
         verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel,
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/perf_attach.rs b/aya/src/programs/perf_attach.rs
index 8cf04871..f5818944 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/perf_attach.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/perf_attach.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Perf attach links.
-use std::os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd, RawFd};
+use std::os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, RawFd};
 
 use crate::{
     generated::bpf_attach_type::BPF_PERF_EVENT,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ pub struct PerfLinkId(RawFd);
 /// The attachment type of PerfEvent programs.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PerfLink {
-    perf_fd: OwnedFd,
+    perf_fd: crate::MockableFd,
     event: Option<ProbeEvent>,
 }
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl Link for PerfLink {
 
 pub(crate) fn perf_attach(
     prog_fd: BorrowedFd<'_>,
-    fd: OwnedFd,
+    fd: crate::MockableFd,
 ) -> Result<PerfLinkInner, ProgramError> {
     if FEATURES.bpf_perf_link() {
         let link_fd = bpf_link_create(prog_fd, LinkTarget::Fd(fd.as_fd()), BPF_PERF_EVENT, None, 0)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_attach(
 
 pub(crate) fn perf_attach_debugfs(
     prog_fd: BorrowedFd<'_>,
-    fd: OwnedFd,
+    fd: crate::MockableFd,
     event: ProbeEvent,
 ) -> Result<PerfLinkInner, ProgramError> {
     perf_attach_either(prog_fd, fd, Some(event))
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_attach_debugfs(
 
 fn perf_attach_either(
     prog_fd: BorrowedFd<'_>,
-    fd: OwnedFd,
+    fd: crate::MockableFd,
     event: Option<ProbeEvent>,
 ) -> Result<PerfLinkInner, ProgramError> {
     perf_event_ioctl(fd.as_fd(), PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_BPF, prog_fd.as_raw_fd()).map_err(
diff --git a/aya/src/programs/probe.rs b/aya/src/programs/probe.rs
index 85be3b3c..4d737e34 100644
--- a/aya/src/programs/probe.rs
+++ b/aya/src/programs/probe.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     fmt::Write as _,
     fs::{self, OpenOptions},
     io::{self, Write},
-    os::fd::{AsFd as _, OwnedFd},
+    os::fd::AsFd as _,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     process,
     sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ fn create_as_probe(
     fn_name: &OsStr,
     offset: u64,
     pid: Option<pid_t>,
-) -> Result<OwnedFd, ProgramError> {
+) -> Result<crate::MockableFd, ProgramError> {
     use ProbeKind::*;
 
     let perf_ty = match kind {
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ fn create_as_trace_point(
     name: &OsStr,
     offset: u64,
     pid: Option<pid_t>,
-) -> Result<(OwnedFd, OsString), ProgramError> {
+) -> Result<(crate::MockableFd, OsString), ProgramError> {
     use ProbeKind::*;
 
     let tracefs = find_tracefs_path()?;
diff --git a/aya/src/sys/bpf.rs b/aya/src/sys/bpf.rs
index 1ae1dc95..f327d2bb 100644
--- a/aya/src/sys/bpf.rs
+++ b/aya/src/sys/bpf.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::{
     ffi::{c_char, CStr, CString},
     io, iter,
     mem::{self, MaybeUninit},
-    os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd as _, OwnedFd, RawFd},
+    os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd as _, RawFd},
     slice,
 };
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_create_map(
     def: &obj::Map,
     btf_fd: Option<BorrowedFd<'_>>,
     kernel_version: KernelVersion,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     let u = unsafe { &mut attr.__bindgen_anon_1 };
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_pin_object(fd: BorrowedFd<'_>, path: &CStr) -> SysResult<i64>
     sys_bpf(bpf_cmd::BPF_OBJ_PIN, &mut attr)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn bpf_get_object(path: &CStr) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+pub(crate) fn bpf_get_object(path: &CStr) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
     let u = unsafe { &mut attr.__bindgen_anon_4 };
     u.pathname = path.as_ptr() as u64;
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_load_program(
     aya_attr: &EbpfLoadProgramAttrs<'_>,
     log_buf: &mut [u8],
     verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     let u = unsafe { &mut attr.__bindgen_anon_3 };
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_link_create(
     attach_type: bpf_attach_type,
     btf_id: Option<u32>,
     flags: u32,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     attr.link_create.__bindgen_anon_1.prog_fd = prog_fd.as_raw_fd() as u32;
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_prog_query(
     ret
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id(prog_id: u32) -> Result<OwnedFd, SyscallError> {
+pub(crate) fn bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id(prog_id: u32) -> Result<crate::MockableFd, SyscallError> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     attr.__bindgen_anon_6.__bindgen_anon_1.prog_id = prog_id;
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd(
     })
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(map_id: u32) -> Result<OwnedFd, SyscallError> {
+pub(crate) fn bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(map_id: u32) -> Result<crate::MockableFd, SyscallError> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     attr.__bindgen_anon_6.__bindgen_anon_1.map_id = map_id;
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_map_get_info_by_fd(fd: BorrowedFd<'_>) -> Result<bpf_map_info,
     bpf_obj_get_info_by_fd(fd, |_| {})
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn bpf_link_get_fd_by_id(link_id: u32) -> Result<OwnedFd, SyscallError> {
+pub(crate) fn bpf_link_get_fd_by_id(link_id: u32) -> Result<crate::MockableFd, SyscallError> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     attr.__bindgen_anon_6.__bindgen_anon_1.link_id = link_id;
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ pub(crate) fn btf_obj_get_info_by_fd(
 pub(crate) fn bpf_raw_tracepoint_open(
     name: Option<&CStr>,
     prog_fd: BorrowedFd<'_>,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
 
     attr.raw_tracepoint.name = match name {
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_load_btf(
     raw_btf: &[u8],
     log_buf: &mut [u8],
     verifier_log_level: VerifierLogLevel,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
     let u = unsafe { &mut attr.__bindgen_anon_7 };
     u.btf = raw_btf.as_ptr() as *const _ as u64;
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bpf_load_btf(
 }
 
 // SAFETY: only use for bpf_cmd that return a new file descriptor on success.
-unsafe fn fd_sys_bpf(cmd: bpf_cmd, attr: &mut bpf_attr) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+unsafe fn fd_sys_bpf(cmd: bpf_cmd, attr: &mut bpf_attr) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let fd = sys_bpf(cmd, attr)?;
     let fd = fd.try_into().map_err(|_| {
         (
@@ -643,10 +643,10 @@ unsafe fn fd_sys_bpf(cmd: bpf_cmd, attr: &mut bpf_attr) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
             ),
         )
     })?;
-    Ok(OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd))
+    Ok(crate::MockableFd::from_raw_fd(fd))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn bpf_btf_get_fd_by_id(id: u32) -> Result<OwnedFd, SyscallError> {
+pub(crate) fn bpf_btf_get_fd_by_id(id: u32) -> Result<crate::MockableFd, SyscallError> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<bpf_attr>() };
     attr.__bindgen_anon_6.__bindgen_anon_1.btf_id = id;
 
@@ -730,7 +730,6 @@ pub(crate) fn is_perf_link_supported() -> bool {
     u.prog_type = bpf_prog_type::BPF_PROG_TYPE_TRACEPOINT as u32;
 
     if let Ok(fd) = bpf_prog_load(&mut attr) {
-        let fd = crate::MockableFd::from_fd(fd);
         let fd = fd.as_fd();
         matches!(
             // Uses an invalid target FD so we get EBADF if supported.
@@ -830,7 +829,6 @@ pub(crate) fn is_prog_id_supported(map_type: bpf_map_type) -> bool {
 
     // SAFETY: BPF_MAP_CREATE returns a new file descriptor.
     let fd = unsafe { fd_sys_bpf(bpf_cmd::BPF_MAP_CREATE, &mut attr) };
-    let fd = fd.map(crate::MockableFd::from_fd);
     fd.is_ok()
 }
 
@@ -990,7 +988,7 @@ pub(crate) fn is_btf_type_tag_supported() -> bool {
     bpf_load_btf(btf_bytes.as_slice(), &mut [], Default::default()).is_ok()
 }
 
-fn bpf_prog_load(attr: &mut bpf_attr) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+fn bpf_prog_load(attr: &mut bpf_attr) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     // SAFETY: BPF_PROG_LOAD returns a new file descriptor.
     unsafe { fd_sys_bpf(bpf_cmd::BPF_PROG_LOAD, attr) }
 }
diff --git a/aya/src/sys/netlink.rs b/aya/src/sys/netlink.rs
index f10c2839..52215555 100644
--- a/aya/src/sys/netlink.rs
+++ b/aya/src/sys/netlink.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
     ffi::CStr,
     io, mem,
-    os::fd::{AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd as _, OwnedFd},
+    os::fd::{AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd as _},
     ptr, slice,
 };
 
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ struct TcRequest {
 }
 
 struct NetlinkSocket {
-    sock: OwnedFd,
+    sock: crate::MockableFd,
     _nl_pid: u32,
 }
 
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl NetlinkSocket {
             return Err(io::Error::last_os_error());
         }
         // SAFETY: `socket` returns a file descriptor.
-        let sock = unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(sock) };
+        let sock = unsafe { crate::MockableFd::from_raw_fd(sock) };
 
         let enable = 1i32;
         // Safety: libc wrapper
diff --git a/aya/src/sys/perf_event.rs b/aya/src/sys/perf_event.rs
index f5815226..ec8b1420 100644
--- a/aya/src/sys/perf_event.rs
+++ b/aya/src/sys/perf_event.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{
     ffi::{c_int, CString, OsStr},
     io, mem,
-    os::fd::{BorrowedFd, FromRawFd as _, OwnedFd},
+    os::fd::{BorrowedFd, FromRawFd as _},
 };
 
 use libc::pid_t;
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_event_open(
     wakeup: bool,
     inherit: bool,
     flags: u32,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<perf_event_attr>() };
 
     attr.config = config;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_event_open(
     perf_event_sys(attr, pid, cpu, flags)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn perf_event_open_bpf(cpu: c_int) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+pub(crate) fn perf_event_open_bpf(cpu: c_int) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     perf_event_open(
         PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE as u32,
         PERF_COUNT_SW_BPF_OUTPUT as u64,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_event_open_probe(
     name: &OsStr,
     offset: u64,
     pid: Option<pid_t>,
-) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt as _;
 
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<perf_event_attr>() };
@@ -88,7 +88,10 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_event_open_probe(
     perf_event_sys(attr, pid, cpu, PERF_FLAG_FD_CLOEXEC)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn perf_event_open_trace_point(id: u32, pid: Option<pid_t>) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+pub(crate) fn perf_event_open_trace_point(
+    id: u32,
+    pid: Option<pid_t>,
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let mut attr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<perf_event_attr>() };
 
     attr.size = mem::size_of::<perf_event_attr>() as u32;
@@ -110,7 +113,12 @@ pub(crate) fn perf_event_ioctl(fd: BorrowedFd<'_>, request: c_int, arg: c_int) -
     return crate::sys::TEST_SYSCALL.with(|test_impl| unsafe { test_impl.borrow()(call) });
 }
 
-fn perf_event_sys(attr: perf_event_attr, pid: pid_t, cpu: i32, flags: u32) -> SysResult<OwnedFd> {
+fn perf_event_sys(
+    attr: perf_event_attr,
+    pid: pid_t,
+    cpu: i32,
+    flags: u32,
+) -> SysResult<crate::MockableFd> {
     let fd = syscall(Syscall::PerfEventOpen {
         attr,
         pid,
@@ -130,7 +138,7 @@ fn perf_event_sys(attr: perf_event_attr, pid: pid_t, cpu: i32, flags: u32) -> Sy
     })?;
 
     // SAFETY: perf_event_open returns a new file descriptor on success.
-    unsafe { Ok(OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd)) }
+    unsafe { Ok(crate::MockableFd::from_raw_fd(fd)) }
 }
 
 /*