aya: use montonic SinceBoot for loaded_at

This commit was written to deflake test_loaded_at can. The flakiness is
due to the lack of monotonicity in SystemTime clock calculations. See
https://github.com/aya-rs/aya/actions/runs/6340369670/job/17221591723.

This PR addresses that problem by introducing a wrapper type to
encapsulate the monotonically increasing duration since boot,
`SinceBoot`. This type has a method `into_system_time()` to convert it
into a `SystemTime`.

aya/src/lib.rs

@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ pub mod pin;
 pub mod programs;
 pub use programs::loaded_programs;
 mod sys;
+pub mod time;
 pub mod util;
 
 pub use bpf::*;

aya/src/programs/mod.rs

@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ use std::{
     os::fd::{AsFd, AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, OwnedFd},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     sync::Arc,
-    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
 };
 
 pub use cgroup_device::CgroupDevice;
@@ -110,13 +109,14 @@ use crate::{
     maps::MapError,
     obj::{self, btf::BtfError, VerifierLog},
     pin::PinError,
-    programs::utils::{boot_time, get_fdinfo},
+    programs::utils::get_fdinfo,
     sys::{
         bpf_btf_get_fd_by_id, bpf_get_object, bpf_link_get_fd_by_id, bpf_link_get_info_by_fd,
         bpf_load_program, bpf_pin_object, bpf_prog_get_fd_by_id, bpf_prog_get_info_by_fd,
         bpf_prog_query, iter_link_ids, iter_prog_ids, retry_with_verifier_logs,
         BpfLoadProgramAttrs, SyscallError,
     },
+    time::SinceBoot,
     util::KernelVersion,
     VerifierLogLevel,
 };
@@ -1086,8 +1086,9 @@ impl ProgramInfo {
     }
 
     /// The time the program was loaded.
-    pub fn loaded_at(&self) -> SystemTime {
+    pub fn loaded_at(&self) -> SinceBoot {
-        boot_time() + Duration::from_nanos(self.0.load_time)
+        // See https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/633b47cb/include/linux/bpf.h#L1418.
+        SinceBoot::from_nanos(self.0.load_time)
     }
 
     /// Returns a file descriptor referencing the program.

aya/src/programs/utils.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use std::{
     io::{self, BufRead, BufReader},
     os::fd::{AsFd as _, AsRawFd as _, BorrowedFd},
     path::Path,
-    time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
 };
 
 use crate::{
@@ -58,25 +57,6 @@ pub(crate) fn find_tracefs_path() -> Result<&'static Path, ProgramError> {
         .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "tracefs not found").into())
 }
 
-/// The time at which the system is booted.
-pub(crate) fn boot_time() -> SystemTime {
-    let get_time = |clock_id| {
-        let mut time = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed::<libc::timespec>() };
-        assert_eq!(
-            unsafe { libc::clock_gettime(clock_id, &mut time) },
-            0,
-            "clock_gettime({}, _)",
-            clock_id
-        );
-        let libc::timespec { tv_sec, tv_nsec } = time;
-
-        Duration::new(tv_sec as u64, tv_nsec as u32)
-    };
-    let since_boot = get_time(libc::CLOCK_BOOTTIME);
-    let since_epoch = get_time(libc::CLOCK_REALTIME);
-    UNIX_EPOCH + since_epoch - since_boot
-}
-
 /// Get the specified information from a file descriptor's fdinfo.
 pub(crate) fn get_fdinfo(fd: BorrowedFd<'_>, key: &str) -> Result<u32, ProgramError> {
     let info = File::open(format!("/proc/self/fdinfo/{}", fd.as_raw_fd()))?;

aya/src/time.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//! Utilities for working with time.
+
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+/// A timestamp relative to the system boot time.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct SinceBoot(Duration);
+
+impl SinceBoot {
+    /// The current SinceBoot.
+    ///
+    /// Note that these calls will be monotonic.
+    pub fn now() -> Self {
+        Self(get_time(libc::CLOCK_BOOTTIME))
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the timestamp to a `SystemTime`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this will not be robust to changes in the system clock, and thus these
+    /// times should not be used for comparisons.
+    pub fn into_system(self) -> SystemTime {
+        let Self(since_boot) = self;
+        boot_time() + since_boot
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_nanos(nanos: u64) -> Self {
+        Self(Duration::from_nanos(nanos))
+    }
+}
+
+fn boot_time() -> SystemTime {
+    let since_boot = get_time(libc::CLOCK_BOOTTIME);
+    let since_epoch = get_time(libc::CLOCK_REALTIME);
+    UNIX_EPOCH + since_epoch - since_boot
+}
+
+fn get_time(clock_id: libc::clockid_t) -> Duration {
+    let mut time = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed::<libc::timespec>() };
+    assert_eq!(
+        unsafe { libc::clock_gettime(clock_id, &mut time) },
+        0,
+        "clock_gettime({}, _)",
+        clock_id
+    );
+    let libc::timespec { tv_sec, tv_nsec } = time;
+    Duration::new(tv_sec as u64, tv_nsec as u32)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_since_boot_now_into_system_near_system_time() {
+        let since_boot = SinceBoot::now().into_system();
+        let system_time = SystemTime::now();
+        let delta = system_time
+            .duration_since(since_boot)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|err| err.duration());
+        const MAX_DELTA: Duration = Duration::from_micros(10);
+        assert!(
+            delta <= MAX_DELTA,
+            "delta {delta:?} > {MAX_DELTA:?}: since_boot: {:?}, system_time: {:?}",
+            since_boot,
+            system_time
+        );
+    }
+}

test/integration-test/src/tests/load.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use aya::{
         links::{FdLink, PinnedLink},
         loaded_links, loaded_programs, KProbe, TracePoint, UProbe, Xdp, XdpFlags,
     },
+    time::SinceBoot,
     util::KernelVersion,
     Bpf,
 };
@@ -154,9 +155,10 @@ fn unload_xdp() {
 fn test_loaded_at() {
     let mut bpf = Bpf::load(crate::TEST).unwrap();
     let prog: &mut Xdp = bpf.program_mut("pass").unwrap().try_into().unwrap();
-    let t1 = SystemTime::now();
+
+    let t1 = SinceBoot::now();
     prog.load().unwrap();
-    let t2 = SystemTime::now();
+    let t2 = SinceBoot::now();
     assert_loaded("pass");
 
     let loaded_at = prog.info().unwrap().loaded_at();